Where is judo played

In his lifetime, Jigoro Kano attained a doctorate degree in Judo, a degree equivalent to the twelfth dan, awarded to the originator of Judo only. In he was awarded the Asahi prize for his outstanding contribution to the organizing of sport in Japan during his lifetime.

How to Participate? The Kodokan Judo In , Dr. Jigoro Kano In his lifetime, Jigoro Kano attained a doctorate degree in Judo, a degree equivalent to the twelfth dan, awarded to the originator of Judo only. Judo's international profile was boosted by the introduction of the World Judo Championships in The championships were initially a fairly small affair, with 31 athletes attending from 21 countries in the first year.

Competitors were exclusively male until the introduction of the Women's Championships in , which took place on alternate years to the Men's Championships. The championships were combined in to create an event that takes place annually, except for the years in which Olympic games are held. Participation has steadily increased such that, in the most recent championships in , competitors from countries took part. Judo became an Olympic sport for men in the Games in Tokyo.

The Olympic Committee initially dropped judo for the Olympics, meeting protests. Dutchman Anton Geesink won the first Olympic gold medal in the open division of judo by defeating Akio Kaminaga of Japan. The women's event was introduced at the Olympics in as a demonstration event, and an official medal event in Paralympic judo has been a Paralympic sport for the visually impaired since ; it is also one of the sports at the Special Olympics.

Current International Contest Rules The traditional rules of judo are intended to provide a basis upon which to test skill in judo, while avoiding significant risk of injury to the competitors. Additionally, the rules are also intended to enforce proper Reigi etiquette. Penalties may be given for: passivity or preventing progress in the match; for safety infringements for example by using prohibited techniques, or for behavior that is deemed to be against the spirit of judo.

Fighting must be stopped if a participant is outside the designated area on the mat. Scoring of the Competition A throw that places the opponent on his back with impetus and control scores an Ippon, winning the contest.

A lesser throw, where the opponent is thrown onto his back, but with insufficient force to merit an ippon, scores a Waza-ari. A throw that places the opponent onto his side scores a Yuko. No amount of yukos equal a waza-ari, they are only considered in the event of an otherwise tied contest.

Ippon is scored in ne-waza for pinning an opponent on his back with a recognised osaekomi-waza for 20 seconds or by forcing a submission through shime-waza or kansetsu-waza. A submission is signalled by tapping the mat or the opponent at least twice with the hand or foot, or by saying Maitta I surrender.

A pin lasting for less than 20 seconds, but more than 15 seconds scores waza-ari and one lasting less than 15 seconds but more than 10 seconds scores a yuko. If the scores are identical at the end of the match, the contest is resolved by the Golden Score rule. Golden Score is a sudden death situation where the clock is reset to match-time, and the first contestant to achieve any score wins.

If there is no score during this period, then the winner is decided by Hantei, the majority opinion of the referee and the two corner judges. There have been changes to the scoring. In January , the Hantei was removed and the "Golden Score" no longer has a time limit. The match would continue until a judoka scored through a technique or if the opponent is penalised Shido.

Penalties of the Competition Minor rules infractions are penalised with a Shido literally "guidance". This is treated as a warning and anything up to three shido make no contribution to the overall score. A fourth shido or serious rules violation yields a Hansoku Make literally "foul-play defeat" , resulting in disqualification of the penalised competitor.

Formerly, there were two additional levels of penalty between shido and hansoku make: Chui literally "caution" , equivalent to a Yuko and Keikoku literally "warning" equivalent to waza-ari. Representation of Scores Judo scoreboards show the number of waza-ari and yuko scores scored by each player.

A score of koka was also displayed until its use was abandoned in Often an ippon is not represented on the scoreboard, because upon award of an ippon the match is immediately terminated.

Some computerized scoreboards will briefly indicate that an ippon has been scored. Scoreboards normally also show the number of penalties imposed on each player, and sometimes the number of medical visits for each. Only two "medical" attentions are allowed for each competitor during a match—most often for minor bleeds. Electronic scoreboards also usually include timers for measuring both competition time and osaekomi time. Before Kodokan judo became popular in foreign countries, many jujutsu artists went there.

At present, those foreign countries have many jujutsu schools of their own, such as Danzan-ryu and Kajukenbo in Hawaii, based on the original one.

And there also exist many jujutsu schools that are handed down in foreign countries with their original names unchanged, such as Ryoi Shinto-ryu, Sekiguchi Shin Shin-ryu, Tsutsumi Hozan-ryu, Takeuchi-ryu, Takeuchi Oie-ryu, Takeuchi Hangan-ryu, Shinto Yoshin-ryu and Sosuishi-ryu. Moreover, many jujutsu schools nowadays have their branch practice schools abroad. And even the schools that seem to end their lives in Japan today are found alive in foreign countries.

And, as Kodokan judo was transformed into Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu in Brazil, so Kodokan judo, Aikido and the like are occasionally transformed into a new jujutsu school in foreign countries. His grandfather was a self-made man: a sake brewer from Shiga prefecture in central Japan.

However, Kano's father was not the eldest son and therefore did not inherit the business. Instead, he became a Shinto priest and government official, with enough influence for his son to enter the second incoming class of Tokyo Imperial University. Cian was a small, frail boy, who, even in his twenties, did not weigh more than a hundred pounds 45 kg , and was often picked on by bullies.

He first started pursuing jujutsu, at that time a dying art, at the age of 17, but met with little success. This was in part due to difficulties finding a teacher who would take him on as a student.

When he went to university to study literature at the age of 18, he continued his martial arts studies, eventually gaining a referral to Fukuda Hachinosuke c.

Fukuda Hachinosuke is said to have emphasized technique over formal exercise, sowing the seeds of Kano's emphasis of free practice randori in judo.

A little more than a year after Kano joined Fukuda's school, Fukuda became ill and died. Through dedication, Kano quickly earned the title of master instructor shihan and became assistant instructor to Iso at the age of Like Fukuda, Iikubo placed much emphasis on free practice. By this time, Kano was devising new techniques, such as the "shoulder wheel" kata-guruma, known as a fireman's carry to Western wrestlers who use a slightly different form of this technique and the "floating hip" uki goshi throw.

Full of new ideas, Kano had in mind a major reformation of jujutsu, with techniques based on sound scientific principles, and with focus on development of the body, mind and character of young men in addition to development of martial prowess. At the age of 22, when he was just about to finish his degree at the University, Kano took nine students from Iikubo's school to study jujutsu under him at the Eisho-ji, a Buddhist temple in Kamakura, and Iikubo came to the temple three days a week to help teach.

In the early days, it was also still referred to generically simply as Jiu-Jitsu. The soft method is characterized by the indirect application of force to defeat an opponent.

More specifically, it is the principle of using one's opponent's strength against him and adapting well to changing circumstances. For example, if the attacker was to push against his opponent he would find his opponent stepping to the side and allowing his momentum often with the aid of a foot to trip him up to throw him forwards the inverse being true for pulling.

Kano saw jujutsu as a disconnected bag of tricks, and sought to unify it according to a principle, which he found in the notion of "maximum efficiency".

Jujutsu techniques that relied solely on superior strength were discarded or adapted in favour of those that involved redirecting the opponent's force, off-balancing the opponent, or making use of superior leverage. The second characters of judo and jujutsu differ. Use of this word is a deliberate departure from ancient martial arts, whose sole purpose was for killing. Kano saw judo as a means for governing and improving oneself physically, mentally, emotionally and morally.

He even extended the physical principle of maximum efficiency into daily life, evolving it into "mutual prosperity". In this respect, judo is seen as a holistic approach to life extending well beyond the confines of the dojo. A practitioner of judo is known as a judoka or 'judo player', though traditionally only those of 4th Dan or higher were called "judoka".

The suffix -ka , when added to a noun, means a person with expertise or special knowledge on that subject. For example, Benkyo-ka means "scholar". Other practitioners below the rank of 4th dan were called kenkyu-sei or "trainees". However, today the term judoka is used worldwide to refer to any practitioner of judo without any particular level of expertise being implied.

A judo teacher is called sensei. The word sensei comes from sen or saki before and sei life — i. In Western dojos it is common to call any instructor of dan grade sensei. Traditionally, that title was reserved for instructors of 4th dan and above. Sometimes the word is seen shortened simply to gi uniform. The belt is usually coloured to indicate rank. The jacket is intended to withstand the stresses of grappling, and as a result, is much thicker than that of a karate uniform karategi.

In Japan, both judoka still use a white judogi and the traditional red sash based on the colours of the Japanese flag is affixed to the belt of one competitor. While judo includes a variety of rolls, falls, throws, hold downs, chokes, joint-locks, and strikes, the primary focus is on throwing nage-waza , and groundwork ne-waza.

Throws are divided in two groups of techniques, standing techniques tachi-waza , and sacrifice techniques sutemi-waza. Standing techniques are further divided into hand techniques te-waza , hip techniques koshi-waza , and foot and leg techniques ashi-waza.

Sacrifice techniques are divided into those in which the thrower falls directly backwards ma-sutemi-waza , and those in which he falls onto his side yoko-sutemi-waza. The ground fighting techniques are divided into attacks against the joints or joint locks kansetsu-waza , strangleholds or chokeholds shime-waza , and holding or pinning techniques osaekomi-waza.

A kind of sparring is practised in judo, known as randori randori , meaning "free practice". In randori, two adversaries may attack each other with any judo throw or grappling technique.

Striking techniques atemi-waza such as kicking and punching, along with knife and sword techniques are retained in the kata. This form of pedagogy is usually reserved for higher ranking practitioners for instance, in the kime-no-kata , but are forbidden in contest, and usually prohibited in randori for reasons of safety. Also for reasons of safety, chokeholds, joint locking, and the sacrifice techniques are subject to age or rank restrictions.

In randori and tournament shiai practice, when an opponent successfully executes a chokehold or joint lock, one submits, or "taps out", by tapping the mat or one's opponent at least twice in a manner that clearly indicates the submission. When this occurs the match is over, the tapping player has lost, and the chokehold or joint lock ceases.

Forms kata are pre-arranged patterns of attack and defence, which in judo are practised with a partner for the purpose of perfecting judo techniques. More specifically, their purposes include illustrating the basic principles of judo, demonstrating the correct execution of a technique, teaching the philosophical tenets upon which judo is based, allowing for the practice of techniques that are not allowed in competition, and to preserve ancient techniques that are historically important but are no longer used in contemporary judo.

There are also other kata that are not officially recognised by the Kodokan but that continue to be practised. The most prominent example of these is the Go no sen no kata, a kata that focuses on counter-attacks to attempted throws.

Judo emphasizes a free-style sparring, called randori , as one of its main forms of training. Part of the combat time is spent sparring standing up, called tachi-waza , and the other part on the ground, called ne-waza. Sparring, even subject to safety rules, is much more practically effective than only practicing techniques on their own, which is what jujutsuka were used to doing. Using full strength develops the muscles and cardio-vascular system on the physical side of things, and it develops strategy and reaction time on the mental side of things, and helps the practitioner learn to use techniques against a resisting opponent.

A common saying among judoka is "The best training for judo is judo. There are several types of sparring exercises, such as ju renshu both judoka attack in a very gentle way where no resistance is applied ; and kakari geiko only one judoka attacks while the other one relies solely on defensive and evasive techniques, but without the use of sheer strength.

In judo, there are two main phases of combat: the standing tachi-waza and the ground ne-waza phase. Each phase requires its own mostly separate techniques, strategies, randori , conditioning and so on.

Special training is also devoted to "transitional" techniques to bridge the gap. Judo's balance between both the standing and ground phases of combat gives judoka the ability to take down opponents who are standing up and then pin and submit them on the ground.

This balanced theory of combat has made judo a popular choice of martial art or combat sport. In the standing phase, which has primacy according to the contest rules, the opponents attempt to throw each other. Strikes i. The main purpose of the throwing techniques nage waza is to take an opponent who is standing on his feet, mobile and dangerous, down onto his back where he cannot move as effectively.

Thus, the main reason for throwing the opponent is to control the opponent and to put oneself in a dominant position. In this way the practitioner has more potential to render a decisive outcome. Another reason to throw the opponent is to shock his body through smashing him forcefully onto the ground. If an opponent executes a powerful yet fully controlled throw, he can win a match outright by ippon on the basis that he has displayed sufficient superiority. A lower score is given for lesser throws.