Go to Monteverdi, Claudio — in World Encyclopedia 1 ed. The earls of Tyrone and Tyrconnel sail from Ireland with their families, in the event known as the Flight of the Earls.
Colonists establish the first lasting British settlement in the new world, at Jamestown. Go to Jamestown in World Encyclopedia 1 ed. The Jamestown settlers meet an unfriendly reception from the local Powhatan Indians, having to use their muskets to beat off an attack within two weeks of their arrival. The Flemish painter Peter Paul Rubens completes an altarpiece in Rome which is an early masterpiece of the baroque. A lucky accident reveals the principle of the telescope to a spectacle maker, Hans Lippershey.
In the Dutch town of Middelburg. Go to Lippershey, Hans c. A second false Dmitry marches on Moscow, to be followed by a third in Go to pretender noun in Oxford Dictionary of English 3 ed. Quebec is founded by Samuel de Champlain as a centre for the French fur trade. Rubens returns from Italy to Antwerp, where he soon establishes Europe's most successful and prolific studio.
A shipload of Puritans, among them some of the future Pilgrim Fathers, sail from Boston in Lincolnshire to seek religious freedom in Holland.
Go to puritan in Oxford Dictionary of English 3 ed. John Smith claims many years later that when captured by Indians he was saved from execution by Pocahontas, daughter of the chief.
Go to Pocahontas c. Henry Hudson reaches the inlet of New York Bay and explores the river now known by his name. Go to Hudson, Henry d. Johannes Kepler, in Prague, puts forward the radical proposition that the planets move in elliptical rather than circular orbits. Galileo improves on the Dutch telescope and doubles his salary by presenting one to his employer. A law is passed expelling the Moriscos from Spain, with the result that some , are shipped to north Africa.
Castaways from an English vessel reach Bermuda, which becomes the first British island in the new world. Go to Bermuda in Oxford Dictionary of English 3 ed. News sheets published in Augsburg and Strasbourg become the first known newspapers. Go to newspaper in World Encyclopedia 1 ed. Shakespeare's sonnets, written ten years previously, are published. A flintlock designed in France possibly by Marin Le Bourgeoys becomes the standard firing mechanism for muskets.
Go to flintlock noun in Oxford Dictionary of English 3 ed. Galileo, with his new powerful telescope, observes the moons of Jupiter and spots moving on the surface of the sun. The first documented Caesarean section in which the mother survives. Go to caesarean section noun in Oxford Dictionary of English 3 ed. Henry Hudson, after wintering in Hudson Bay, is set adrift in an open boat by his mutinous crew.
Shakespeare's last completed play, The Tempest , is performed. The establishment of a Baptist church in London is a defining moment for the Baptist sect within Christianity. Go to Baptist in World Encyclopedia 1 ed. Galileo publishes his evidence, from sun spots, proving Copernicus right and Ptolemy wrong on the solar system. Michael Romanov is elected tsar, beginning a new dynasty on the Russian throne.
The British East India establishes a 'factory' a secure warehouse for the storing of Indian goods at Surat, on the west coast. An edict is passed expelling Jesuit missionaries from Japan, and ordering their converts to revert to Buddhism.
Go to Jesuits in World Encyclopedia 1 ed. Pocahontas is baptized a Christian and marries John Rolfe, one of the Jamestown colonists. The Mughal school of painting reaches a peak of perfection in the reign of Jahangir. Pocahontas fascinates Londoners when she arrives with her husband to publicize Jamestown.
John Smith publishes A Description of New England , an account of his exploration of the region in Go to Smith, John — in World Encyclopedia 1 ed. The treaty of Stolbova brings into Swedish hands the coast round the Gulf of Finland, ending Russian access to the Baltic.
Albrecht von Wallenstein uses his wife's fortune to mobilize a private army in support of the emperor Ferdinand II. Bohemian nobles throw the Habsburg regents out of a window in the castle in Prague, thus triggering the Thirty Years' War. The Teatro Farnese in Parma is the first to have a proscenium arch, framing perspective scenery painted on flat wings.
Go to proscenium arch noun in Oxford Dictionary of English 3 ed. The year-old Flemish painter Anthony van Dyck is employed by Rubens in Antwerp as his chief assistant.
The Protestant Frederick V elector palatine of the Rhine is elected king by the rebellious Bohemian nobles. Jan Pieterszoon Coen destroys the town of Jakarta, on the coast of Java, and rebuilds it as a Dutch trading centre under the name Batavia.
The Dutch painter Frans Hals displays exceptional brilliance in his group portraits, including several of the civic guards of Haarlem. Delft becomes the centre for tin-glazed earthenware in northern Europe, specializing in the blue-and-white Chinese style. In his Novum Organum Francis Bacon introduces a modern philosophy of experimental science.
William Bradford begins a journal of the Pilgrims' experience in New England, subsequently published in as History of Plymouth Plantation. The Pilgrims or Pilgrim Fathers , a group of English settlers, sail in the Mayflower to the new world. Go to Pilgrims in World Encyclopedia 1 ed. Ten days after their first landfall, at Cape Cod, the adult males on the Mayflower agree a form of government for their new colony. The Pilgrims on the Mayflower select a place for their settlement, and give it the name of Plymouth, their port of departure in England.
The Mayflower settlers in Plymouth offer thanksgiving for their first harvest, eating turkeys in a celebration shared by local Indians.
William Bradford, one of the Pilgrims from the Mayflower , is elected governor of the new Plymouth Colony. Go to Bradford, William — in World Encyclopedia 1 ed.
The Dutch West India Company is chartered to trade and found colonies anywhere along the entire American coast. Go to Donne, John c. A sudden attack by Powhatan Indians, led by their chieftain Opechancanough against the English colony at Jamestown, results in the death of more than settlers. Bernini's youthful Pluto and Proserpina , suggesting soft flesh in cold marble, introduces the lively tradition of baroque sculpture.
The Flemish painter Anthony van Dyck begins a five-year stay, and a successful career as a portrait painter, in Genoa. The English settlers in Virginia arrange a peace conference with the Powhatan Indians, using it as an opportunity to murder the Powhatan delegates.
Diego Velazquez becomes court painter to the king of Spain - a post which he will hold for the remaining thirty-seven years of his life. The Japanese are forbidden to leave their country, or foreigners to enter, at the start of more than two centuries of almost total isolation. Nicolas Poussin arrives in Rome, where he develops the tradition of French classicism. Go to Poussin, Nicolas — in World Encyclopedia 1 ed.
Gustavus II, king of Sweden, conscripts and trains an army far more mobile than those of his rivals. Ordnance factories in Sweden begin producing light but powerful field artillery, easy to move on the battlefield. Go to ordnance in A Dictionary of Environment and Conservation 1 ed. Three brothers among the Dahomey people establish a long-lasting kingdom in the Bight of Benin. The Dutch gradually exclude the Portuguese from the immensely lucrative trade in cloves from the Spice Islands or Moluccas.
Go to Charles I —49 in World Encyclopedia 1 ed. The English parliament attempts to clip the wings of the new king, Charles I, by placing an annual limit on his power to raise taxes. Charles I frustrates the English parliament's restrictions by raising taxes without summoning parliament for renewed approval. A British colony is founded in Barbados and within fifteen years has 18, settlers. Claude Lorrain, basing himself like Poussin in Rome, paints classical landscapes suffused in light.
Go to Claude Lorrain c. William Harvey publishes a short book, De Motu Cordis , proving the circulation of the blood. The English parliament's Petition of Right emphasizes the right of the citizen to be protected from royal tyranny. The Dutch painter Rembrandt van Rijn develops a life-long interest in self-portraiture. After years of warfare, the truce of Altmark gives Estonia and most of Latvia to Sweden.
The sculptor and architect Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini is given the task of adding the drama of baroque to the newly completed St Peter's in Rome. Charles I dismisses his parliament in Westminster, and fails to summon another in the following eleven years. Rival Dutch, English and French colonies are established in Guiana, the northeast coast of south America.
Go to Guiana in Oxford Dictionary of English 3 ed. John Winthrop, appointed governor of the new Massachusetts Bay Company, sails from England with settlers. John Winthrop selects the site of Boston for the first Massachusetts settlement.
Gustavus II and the Swedish army win a conclusive victory over the imperial forces at Breitenfeld. Rembrandt moves from his home town of Leiden to set up a studio in Amsterdam. The Inquisition convicts Galileo of heresy and he denies the truth of Copernicus - on being shown the instruments of torture.
Shah Jahan orders that all recently built Hindu temples shall be destroyed, ending the Mughal tradition of religious tolerance.
Go to Baltimore, George Calvert, 1st Lord c. Van Dyck moves to London and becomes portrait painter to the British court and aristocracy. Williamsburg, first known as Middle Plantation, is founded in Virginia.
Go to Williamsburg in Oxford Dictionary of English 3 ed. The four years of tulip mania in Holland provide the first example of speculative frenzy in a capitalist market. George Herbert's only volume of poems, The Temple , is published posthumously. A Passion play is performed for the first time at Oberammergau, in the spirit of the Counter-Reformation. Go to Passion play noun in Oxford Dictionary of English 3 ed.
Charles I demands ship money to increase his revenue, albeit in the absence of its conventional justification - a crisis of national defence. Francesco Borromini begins work on his intricate baroque masterpiece, the Monastery of San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane , in Rome. Rembrandt marries Saskia van Uylenburgh, who will feature in many of his paintings. North America's first university is founded at Cambridge in the Massachusetts Bay Colony, and soon receives a large bequest from John Harvard.
Go to Harvard University in World Encyclopedia 1 ed. Rhode Island is founded by Roger Williams as a colony based on the principle of religious tolerance.
Go to Williams, Roger c. A painted ceiling by Rubens, celebrating the Stuart dynasty, is installed in the Banqueting House in Whitehall. John Hampden refuses to pay ship money to Charles I, beginning a campaign that gradually wins wide support. Go to Hampden, John — in World Encyclopedia 1 ed. The first public opera house, the Teatro San Cassiano, opens in Venice. Pierre Corneille's play Le Cid , popular with Paris audiences, hinges on the conflict between duty and love.
Charles I and his archbishop of Canterbury, William Laud, attempt to impose the full Anglican hierarchy on presbyterian Scotland. Go to Milton, John —74 in World Encyclopedia 1 ed. War between English colonists and Pequot Indians brings disaster to the Pequots but safeguards the settlement of Connecticut. The French build a trading station on the estuary of the Senegal river in west Africa. Go to Senegal River in Encyclopedia of Africa 1 ed. Galileo's Discorsi , published in Leiden, lays the groundwork for mathematical physics.
Riots erupt in Edinburgh, in response to the attempt by Charles I and Laud to impose a hierarchy of Anglican bishops. Richard Fairbanks, given responsibility for delivering mail in Massachusetts, is allowed to charge a penny per letter. The finances of the English king, Charles I, are in crisis, with his agents able to collect each year only a fraction of his demands. Covenanters seize control of Edinburgh and other Scottish towns, launching the conflict with England known as the Bishops' War.
The Dutch artist Gerrit Dou paints with exquisite precision and becomes leader of a group known as the 'fine painters'. Parliament denies Charles I's request for funds and is dismissed after three weeks the Short Parliament. The first book published in England's American colonies is Bay Psalm Book , a revised translation of the psalms.
Charles I's financial crisis causes him to summon another parliament to Westminster the Long Parliament, not dissolved until The new parliament immediately impeaches Charles I's two closest advisers, the earl of Strafford and archbishop William Laud. Cavalier is now in use as a term of abuse for supporters of the royal cause. Go to cavalier in Oxford Dictionary of English 3 ed. Roundhead is now in use as a term of abuse for supporters of parliament.
Go to Roundhead noun in Oxford Dictionary of English 3 ed. Under pressure from parliament, Charles I signs the death warrant of his most powerful supporter, the earl of Strafford. The profusion of paintings on sale in Holland astonishes an English visitor, John Evelyn. The Dutch expel the Portuguese from their trading posts in Malacca. Go to Malacca in World Encyclopedia 1 ed. Parliament presents Charles I with the Grand Remonstrance, a long list of grievances against his conduct of the realm.
Charles I comes in person to the House of Commons, but fails in his attempt to arrest the Five Members whom he accuses of treason. Charles I leaves London and heads for the north of England, where his support is the strongest. Henrietta Maria, the wife of Charles I, travels to Holland, taking with her the English crown jewels. The Mongols depose the ruling dynasty of Tibet and offer the country to the Dalai Lama, to be ruled by him with Mongol military support.
The Briare canal, joining the Seine to the Loire, has a staircase of six consecutive locks. Go to lock in World Encyclopedia 1 ed. Abel Tasman makes landfall in the Macquarie Harbour area in the island now known after him, Tasmania.
Go to Tasman, Abel —c. Parliament sends Charles I a list of political demands, the Nineteen Propositions, which it would be impossible for him to accept.
Charles I, at Nottingham, raises the royal standard - signalling that he considers himself at war. Charles I leads his army into action at Edgehill - the first, but inconclusive, battle in the English Civil War. Charles I marches to within a few miles of Westminster to Turnham Green , but withdraws without engaging the enemy.
Charles I withdraws to Oxford, where he establishes his court for the rest of the war. Louis XIV inherits the throne of France at the age of four. Abel Tasman reaches yet more islands previously unknown to Europeans — Tonga and Fiji. Evangelista Torricelli, observing variations in a column of mercury, discovers the principle of the barometer.
The Powhatan leader Opechancanough launches another surprise attack on the Virginia settlements, killing about colonists. The last Ming emperor hangs himself, and China acquires a new and final dynasty - the Qing. Go to Qing in World Encyclopedia 1 ed. In his Principles of Philosophy Descartes gives priority to reason, summed up in his famous phrase cogito ergo sum. The Dutch artist Aelbert Cuyp paints landscapes that glow with the warmth of gentle sunlight.
The royalist forces, again under the command of Rupert of the Rhine, suffer another major defeat at Naseby. The aged Powhatan leader Opechancanough is captured by the English and executed, ending the last significant Indian threat to Virginia.
With a parliamentary army surrounding royalist Oxford, Charles I escapes in disguise and heads north. With the help of his more robust brother-in-law, Blaise Pascal provides physical proof that atmospheric pressure varies with altitude. A young Hindu prince, Shivaji, captures Bijapur in a campaign against Muslim rulers that will result in his establishing a Maratha empire. In the wake of these catastrophic events, however, a generation of native-born artists plants the seeds of a distinctly British school of painting and architecture.
Influenced through earlier periods by movements and styles from other countries—such as the Italian Baroque and French Rococo—England is, in the eighteenth century, the seat of two major cultural movements— Neoclassicism and Romanticism—that give new shape to the arts.
The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Great Britain and Ireland, — A. Overview This period witnesses a tremendous shift in the tide of social, political, and artistic life in Great Britain and Ireland. Cromwell becomes Lord Protector Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn paints his Night Watch. German population about half of what it was in because of war and pestilence.
Isaac Newton Isaac Newton 's experiments with gravity. The English seize New Amsterdam from the Dutch. The city is renamed New York. For additional information on any of the highlighted text , click on the search engine results for either [ General Audiences ] or [ For Kids ] to link to relevant resources available on the Web. These hyperlinks will open in a new browser window. To return to the timeline, close the new browser window.
English Civil War. Click here for more information: [ General Audiences ] [ For Kids ]. Isaac Newton 's experiments with gravity. Miguel de Cervantes's Don Quixote de la Mancha , the first modern novel.
Pocahontas Jamestown, Virginia, established-first permanent English colony on American mainland. Johannes Kepler publishes his Laws of Planetary Motion which explained the movement of planets around the sun.
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