The extracts and ET-1 increased growth of cells after stimulation and treatment when compared to cell viability before exposure. The results also showed that the ET-1 stimulated cells lowered rate of growth when compared to NO-ET1 non-stimulated cells. The cold-water GC extracts of P. The two water extracts of Pan cyanescens on the other hand induced lower rate of cell growth when compared to NO-ET1 cells. The rate of growth was even lower than ET-1 stimulated control cells, Fig.
The effects of the extracts on the growth rate of the cells after 12 h showed an increase in the treatments and positive control compared to the ET-1 treatment, Fig. The cold and hot-water extracts of P. Heart failure is a public health problem that significantly impacts daily management and the quality of life of many affected persons 2.
Major depression in chronic heart failure and its increasing role in heart failure mortality is an additional problem 3. Although magic mushrooms have been used in ancient and recent times for mind healing and are known to improve the quality of life, their safety in cardiovascular diseases such as heart failure is not known.
Our study investigated for the first time, the effects of the hot-water and cold-water extracts of Panaeolus cyanescens and Psilocybe cubensis magic mushrooms on ET-1, a major physiological inducer of hypertrophic changes in vitro on rat H9C2 cardiomyocytes where we evaluate the safety or ability of the extracts to exacerbate these effects. The in vitro H9C2 cardiomyoblast cells protocol model used in the study was chosen based on their established and proven capacity to exhibit physiological responses useful in drug discovery for cardiovascular medicine The results from the study demonstrated that treatment with ET-1 increased significantly the cell measurements sizes, BNP levels of the stimulated cells and decreased mitochondrial activity significantly as indicated by cell viability when compared to the non-induced NO-ET1 cells.
These effects were in agreement with previous studies indicating successful cellular ETinduced hypertrophy in our study The four water extracts also significantly reduced the ETinduced concentrations of BNP, one of the well-known hall mark peptide of heart failure. As a result the four extracts reversed the two main indices of hypertrophy cell size and BNP levels induced by ET-1 significantly in the concentrations used. Furthermore the two extracts of P. Many studies have established that ROS plays a very important role in the progression of cardiovascular diseases such as heart failure by inducing oxidative stress which in turn leads to cell and tissue injury Superoxide and hydroxyl radicals are among the most prominent ROS causing toxic insults to the human body In our study we measured ROS levels especially superoxide and hydroxyl radicals over 1 h of treatment after 2 h ET-1 stimulation and the results showed that the four water mushroom extracts reversed the ETinduced ROS levels significantly same as the positive control when compared to ETinduced control cells.
By decreasing ROS levels, the extracts demonstrated safety and protective effect against ET-1 induced oxidative stress that will be beneficial in heart failure.
Furthermore, the decrease in ROS observed with the extracts was not due to toxicity based on the positive increase in cell growth rate Fig. However, it was also quite interesting to perceive the differences between the water extracts of the two mushrooms on cell growth rate analysis in comparison to the NO-ET-1 cells.
The cells treated with P. This effect showed that although Pan cyanescens water extracts reduced ROS levels, they also contain other compounds that lowered rate of cell growth. However, it is known that Pan cyanescens mushrooms are unique in that they possess very high levels of urea in addition to psilocybin, psilocin, baeocystin, and other compounds generally known to be present in magic mushrooms Urea is also known to induce cell cycle delay and promote a slow rate of increase of cells in log phase of growth This could be the reason behind such a reduction in rate of cell growth observed with Pan cyanescens water extracts treatment compared to the other samples.
However, we also observed an improvement change from 12 h in the growth rate of the two water extracts of Pan cyanescence such that the cold water exhibited the highest rate of growth by the 48th hour treatment.
Caution is however needed with higher concentrations of Pan cyanescens mushroom water extracts as they may have potential to induce cell cycle delay in the first hour after consumption. This effect demonstrated the protective effect of the mushroom extracts against cardiomyocyte injury that will be beneficial in a pathological hypertrophy condition.
Sphingosine is a well-known effective inducer of apoptosis on cardiomyocytes and it induces its effect by down-regulating the expressions of cell death repressors, Bcl-2 B Cell Lymphoma-2 family protein in the same manner as it does in other cell types Furthermore, sphingosine is also a potent inhibitor of protein kinase C PKC , which has been found to protect cells from apoptotic cell death; consequently, sphingosine may promote apoptosis through PKC inhibition by changing the level of Blc-2 phosphorylation We propose possibility that the water extracts of Pan cyanescens and P.
Moreover, the suppressive effects of the two-water extract of P. A further study into the mechanisms of action in vitro and in vivo is therefore recommended. Furthermore, in previous studies, mycochemical compounds were verified to be present in both Pan cyanescens and P. Saponins which are known as potent antioxidant that neutralises free radicals and flavonoids with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-carcinorgenic activities 22 , Finally, tannins with antioxidant properties related to their scavenging activities reported to have been used against heart diseases were also detected in the two mushrooms 22 , Presence of these compounds could have also played a role in the protective activities exhibited by the water extracts of Pan cyanescens and P.
The study also showed that in general the cardioprotective effects were more pronounced with the hot-water extracts of the two mushrooms compared to the cold-water extractions suggesting more benefit with users of the mushrooms that consume the mushrooms with tea. The results indicated that the water extracts of P. The two water extracts of P. The four extracts also inhibited the ET-1 induced intracellular ROS levels significantly indicating potential safety in these conditions.
The study indicated for the first time the safety and potential beneficial properties of Panaeolus cyanescens and Psilocybe cubensis mushrooms usage in heart failure conditions where ET-1 is the course of pathological hypertrophic changes. However, cautioned with higher concentrations. Further investigation is required to establish the underlying mechanisms of action. The spores print syringes of Psilocybe cubensis P.
As soon as they arrived, the spores were inoculated in the substrate and allowed to grow in a sterilised monotub with monitored temperature and humidity under sterile conditions. Mushrooms were grown, harvested and extracts with hot boiling and cold water solvent according to Nkadimeng et al.
The extracts were kept in dark in the fridge until use. The hot-water and cold-water extracts of P. The H9C2 cardiomyoblast cells were cultured according to the method of 18 , 32 with modification. After 24 h medium was removed, the cells in the 6 well plates were deprived of serum for 18 h. This medium was used to prepare and dilute all the treatment and drugs.
Control cells were induced with ET-1 but not treated, while non-induced control cells No-ET were neither induced with ET-1 nor treated. The experiments were performed in triplicate and repeated in three different times. After 48 h treatment, the cells on cover slips were stained with haematoxylene and eosin staining and mounted on the glass slide. The results showed represented analysis from three independent experiments. Concentration of BNP levels in the samples were calculated from a standard curve.
To measure the reactive oxygen species ROS generated by the cells induced with ET-1 and treated with the four extracts, the cells were seeded in 96 wells and deprived with serum for 18 h. Keywords: Psilocybe, Nephrotoxicity, Mushrooms, Kidney injury. Introduction Psilocybe mushrooms are often consumed for their hallucinogenic properties.
Open in a separate window. Sample of crop of Psilocybe cubensis mushroom ingested by our patient. Discussion Humans have been consuming hallucinogenic mushrooms for centuries [3]. Acknowledgements We gratefully acknowledge the contribution of Dr. Conflict of interest There are none. References 1. Tyls F. Psilocybin--Summary of knowledge and new perspectives. Noordeloos M. The family Strophariaceae. In: Bas C. Flora Agaricina Neerlandica. Carod-Artal F. Hallucinogenic drugs in pre-Columbian Mesoamerican cultures.
Passie T. The pharmacology of psilocybin. Nichols D. Hasler F. Acute psychological and physiological effects of psilocybin in healthy humans: a double-blind, placebo-controlled dose-effect study. Persson H. Mushrooms Med. Harm potential of magic mushroom use: a review. Danel V. Main features of Cortinarius spp. Dinis-Oliveira R. Human and experimental toxicology of orellanine.
Franz M. New trials have shown the drug psilocybin to be highly effective in treating depression, with Oakland the latest US city to in effect decriminalise it last week. The year-old part-time website developer from County Durham in northern England had battled depression for 30 years and had tried talking therapies and many types of antidepressant with no success.
Searching online to see if mushrooms sprouting in his yard were the hallucinogenic variety, he had come across a pioneering medical trial at Imperial College London. Listening to music and surrounded by candles and flowers in the decorated clinical room, Michael anxiously waited for the drug to kick in.
After 50 minutes, he saw bright lights leading into the distance and embarked on a five-hour journey into his own mind, where he would re-live a range of childhood memories and confront his grief. For the next three months, his depressive symptoms waned. He felt upbeat and accepting, enjoying pastimes he had come to feel apathetic about, such as walking through the Yorkshire countryside and taking photographs of nature.
I was supremely confident — more like I was when I was younger, before the depression started and got to its worst. The trial, finished in , was the first modern study to target treatment-resistant depression with psilocybin , a psychedelic drug naturally occurring in around species of mushroom. To varying degrees, Michael and all 18 other participants saw their symptoms reduce a week after two treatments, including a high, 25mg dose.
They had suffered from depression for an average of 18 years and all had tried other treatments. The team has now treated about a third of the 60 patients and say that early results are promising for psilocybin.
Psilocybin mushrooms have been part of religious rituals for thousands of years. In , Albert Hoffman, a Swiss chemist working for the pharmaceutical company Sandoz, isolated psilocybin from the mushroom. Cubensis can be found within a few hundred miles of the Gulf Coast reliably, especially in fall and spring, all the way from Galveston, TX to Miami, FL.
Note though that after 11 years of diligent wild hunting, I've only found cubensis in TN twice. If you hunt wild shrooms, make sure you are an expert at identifying mushrooms.
What's the worst that could happen if you mis-identify? Your liver will shut down in a day or two, and you'll die of systemic ammonia toxicity and jaundice within a week or so. Yeah, you want to be careful. I also found it in New Jersey. Spawn run. Since cubensis are a dung-loving species , they will grow exceptionally well on horse and cow manure , they will also produce well on many other substrates such as coconut coir , straw and whole grains.
The PF tek , arguably the most popular growing technique for cubensis, allows a cultivator to get many flushes out of a substrate of vermiculite and brown rice flour. Although cubensis cakes will benefit from a casing layer of vermiculite and are able to conquer a relatively deep one, they will fruit well without one.
In addition, the higher temps tend to stimulate thermophic molds and bacteria. Cubensis are extremely resilient to various temperatures when they are in their fruiting stage, but like many other species, will produce higher quality, denser fruit bodies when lower temperature is maintained. Fruit bodies will grow in less than saturated air, but primordia will not form well. Cubensis will be far more resilient to changes in humidity if a casing layer is applied. Cubensis is the most popular psychoactive mushroom among hobby cultivators due to the the ease with which it can be grown.
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