Zhuge Liang was also a master at diplomacy, especially with the southern Wu kingdom. Cao Cao prepared a man-made lake in order to train his troops for a southern invasion. Zhuge Liang feigned ignorance and apologized for upsetting the man. Played like a fiddle, Zhou Yu led the strike against Cao Cao.
This was a great victory for the Wu-Shu alliance, but it was short lived as Zhou Yu, realizing that Zhuge Liang was too dangerous if not an ally, ordered him murdered. Zhuge was prepared, however, and made a grand escape from the South. It was also said that Zhuge Liang could tap into the occult arts to create unnatural winds and other forces of nature. Another instance in which Master Zhuge tapped the occult was on a retreat from the Wu army at Yi Ling.
As the Wu army pursued they happened upon a great stone maze with rocks piled in various positions. A purplish haze hung above the maze and while inside of it no one could hear a thing. Lu Xun, the military strategist who replaced Zhou Yu, entered the maze and was hopelessly lost. In the end he made it back to the entrance, but the pursuit of Shu was effectively cut off Luo Truly a man with such talents as Zhuge Liang had is revered for a reason.
A perfect example of this is his realization that Wei Yan, a great Shu general who joined early in the forging of the empire, would defect. Insulted, he demanded to know why he was given no task. Master Zhuge, fully realizing that Guan Yu was a man of the utmost honor, explained that he was uncertain in using him in this battle because Cao Cao was so generous to him once long ago.
He feared that Guan Yu would allow Cao Cao to escape. Today we close with a great enemy, but the director has given me no assignment!
Sure enough, when Cao Cao was retreating and encountered Guan Yu, he was allowed to pass after little smooth talking. Perhaps the greatest significance Zhuge Liang has on the world was that he lived and acted in a time of chivalry and romance. Stories of Diao Chan, the woman who was the center of the quarrel between Dong Zhuo and Lu Bu are still told to children today.
The feudal sense of chivalry and honor and single combat are also inherent to this era, a time that parallels the European Middle Ages. Numerous books and video games have surfaced specifically in the last decade that are based on this period.
If any period in Chinese history has contributed to romantic notions of courtly love and honorable warfare in modern day China, it is certainly this one. Zhuge also composed a series of books on warfare, only one of which still exists today.
The other writings were either destroyed or lost. This period also shows the inherent ebb and flow of Confucianism throughout Chinese history. During times of peace, Confucianism reigns supreme. During times of war it is thrown into the background to resurface when peace is established. The Three Kingdoms Period also shows how the Confucian institution became corrupted. The transition from the Han to the Three Kingdoms is a perfect example of the dynastic change accompanied by the rise and fall of Confucianism was a hallmark of Chinese history.
Guanzhong, Luo. Three Kingdoms: A Historical Novel. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, H. It has, through history, been called the Huiling Mausoleum. And on the back of the wall is inlaid a horizontal board on which are inscribed "The Tomb of Han Emperor Zhao Lie" placed in the 7th year of the Kang Xi reign Further west, across a small bridge, and through Guihe Tower , Qinting Pavilion and the moon-gate named "The Han Family Cloud Ground," one enters a narrow zigzag vermilion wall lane.
At the end of the lane lies the tomb of Liu Bei amid a bamboo grove, in a quiet, secluded environment. Despite a political situation that was just moving toward stability and in which long-neglected tasks were now being done, and with a powerful enemy, Cao Cao , in the north glaring southward like a tiger eyeing its prey, Liu Bei was determined to lead his troops eastwards to fight against the State of Wu to avenge the defeat and death of his sworn brother, Guan Yu.
The following June, Liu Bei, knowing nothing of his enemy's situation, nevertheless moved his troop into battle, suffering a crushing defeat by Wu's troops in Xiaoting present-clay Yidu County, Hubei Province. He could not but retreat to and defend Baidi Town. There, for a year, Liu was so worried and indignant that he fell iii, taking to his bed, which he never left. At the same time, Zhuge Liang hurriedly left Chengdu to join Liu.
There, a critically ill Liu entrusted Zhuge Liang with the care of his son, the crown prince. Nobody knows the date of original construction of the tomb of Liu Bei. However, conditions at the time made it impossible for the State of Western Shu to spend much money and materials on a mausoleum. Neither an arch nor stone inscriptions were found in front of Huiling.
The sleeping chamber at the front of the mausoleum is very simple and narrow. The earth covering on the tomb was only 12 metres deep and the tomb is circled by a round, ancient brick wall with a circumference of metres. Grass and greenwoods cover the tomb's earth slopes. In ancient times cypresses and pine trees grew around the tomb and formed a line to the Zhuge Liang Memorial Temple. Cypresses grow in front of Shu Prime Minister's Hall,.
So their branches, like dragons and snakes, cover the temple;. Their shade so wide it reaches the riverside. All this faces always toward Huiling Temple. This poem shows that as late as a thousand years ago dense pine and cypress growth graced the tomb areas.
Because Liu Bei made valuable contributions in history and because his tomb is located near the Zhuge Liang Memorial Temple , he was worshipped in ancient times. The couplets read:. Even now it is a towering pile of earth on the tomb,. Yet the three bronze-bird mound has been damaged,. And one knows of the tombs of Cao Cao along the Zhanghe River ;. Tripartite states still exist,.
But only the ancient stone passage remains,. To make people think of officials of the Han Dynasty. The first couplet boasts that the earth covering of Liu Bei's tomb still majestically stands while Cao Cao's three bronze-bird mound in Yecheng is damaged and nobody knows the locations of his seventy-two false tombs along the Zhanghe River. It indicates the author's orthodoxies in eulogizing Liu Bei while denouncing Cao Cao. There is no confirmation that Cao Cao had built seventy-two fake tombs for himself as a means of preventing looting of his real tomb.
It is a mystery handed down from ancient times. The second couplet is a sign from the author about the rise and fall of the tripartite situation during the Three Kingdoms period.
The author cherished a memory of Han officials in his imagination that envisioned various stone inscriptions and other signs of respect and honor in and around the mausoleum.
In fact, stone inscriptions in front of Liu Bei's tomb disappeared long ago, and history shows there were never any carved stones by Liu Bei's tomb. It is located by the mausoleum. Originally, this temple was separated from the Zhuge Liang Memorial Temple. Surrounded by a vermilion wall, the temple occupies 56 mu of land. Just inside the temple is a quiet and secluded courtyard planted with green cypresses and fragrant nanmu a hard wood species.
Inscribed pillars stand on both sides of the courtyard. Through a second door, one sees a high and spacious building. It is Liu Bei Hall connected to east and west corridors, forming a courtyard in the center which is densely wooded and carpeted with lush flowers and grass. As a lobbyist Battle of Red Cliffs.
When Liu Bei heard of Liu Cong's surrender, he led his followers both troops and civilians on an exodus southward to Xiakou, engaging Cao Cao's forces in a brief skirmish at the Battle of Changban along the way. If you cannot oppose, why not demobilize the troops, discard your armour and surrender to the north? As a logistics officer. He was put in charge of governing Lingling present day Yongzhou, Hunan , Guiyang and Changsha commanderies and collecting taxes to fund the military.
The following year, Liu Zhang discovered Liu Bei's intention, and the two turned hostile and waged war on each other. Whenever Liu Bei embarked on military campaigns, Zhuge Liang remained to defend Chengdu and ensure a steady flow of supply of troops and provisions.
In , in response to Cao Pi's usurping of Emperor Xian's throne, Liu Bei's subordinates advised him to declare himself emperor. Liu Bei named Zhuge Liang his chancellor and put him in charge of the imperial agency where Zhuge assumed the functions of Imperial Secretariat. He summoned Zhuge Liang from Chengdu and said to him, "You're ten times more talented than Cao Pi, capable of both securing the country and accomplishing our great mission.
If my son can be assisted, then assist him. If he proves incompetent, then you may take over the throne. Zhuge Liang replied tearfully, "I'll do my utmost and serve with unwavering loyalty until death. Liu Bei then ordered his son, Liu Shan, to administer state affairs together with Zhuge Liang and regard Zhuge as his father. As a regent. Not long later, Zhuge Liang was appointed governor of Yi Province and put in charge of all state affairs.
At the same time, the commanderies in Nanzhong rebelled against Shu, but Zhuge Liang did not send troops to suppress the revolt as Liu Bei's death was still recent.
Zhuge Liang would consistently send envoys to Wu to improve diplomatic relations between the two states. During his reign as regent, Zhuge Liang set Shu's objective as the restoration of the Han Dynasty, which from Shu's point of view, had been usurped by Cao Wei.
He felt that in order to attack Wei, a complete unification of Shu was first needed. Zhuge Liang was worried that the local clans would work with the Nanman tribes in Nanzhong to stage a revolution.
Fearing the possibility that the peasants might rebel and press into areas surrounding the capital city of Chengdu while he was attacking Wei in the north, Zhuge Liang decided to pacify the southern tribes first. In the spring of , regional clans including Yong, Gao, Zhu, and Meng had taken control of some cities in the south, so Zhuge Liang led an expedition force to Nanzhong.
Ma Su proposed that they should attempt to win the hearts of the Nanman and rally their support instead of using military force to subdue them. Zhuge Liang heeded Ma Su's advice and defeated the rebel leader, Meng Huo, on seven different occasions.
He released Meng Huo each time in order to achieve Meng's genuine surrender. Note that the story about Meng Huo and his captures is rejected as a reliable and accurate historical reference by the majority of the academic, including historians like Miao Yue, Tan Liangxiao, and Zhang Hualan. Realizing he had no chance to win, Meng Huo pledged allegiance to Shu, and was appointed by Zhuge Liang as governor of the region to keep the populace content and secure the southern Shu border. This would ensure that the future Northern Expeditions would proceed without internal disruptions.
Rich and abundant resources acquired from Nanzhong were used to fund Shu's military and the state became more prosperous. After pacifying the Nanman, Zhuge Liang ordered the Shu military to make preparations for a large scale offensive on the rival state of Wei. In , while in Hanzhong, he wrote a memorial, titled Chu Shi Biao, to Liu Shan, stating his rationale for the campaign and giving advice to the emperor on good governance.
From until his death in , Zhuge Liang launched a total of five Northern Expeditions against Wei, all except one of which failed. The only permanent gains by Shu were the conquests of Wudu and Yinping prefectures, as well as the relocation of Wei citizens to Shu on occasion. During the first Northern Expedition, Zhuge Liang persuaded Jiang Wei, a young Wei military officer, to surrender and defect to his side. Jiang Wei became a prominent general of Shu later and inherited Zhuge Liang's ideals.
Zhuge Liang fell seriously ill and eventually died in camp at the age of Zhou Yu was jealous of Zhuge Liang's talent and felt that Zhuge would become a threat to his lord in future. He assigned Zhuge Liang the task of making , arrows in ten days or face execution for failure in duties under military law. Zhuge Liang promised that he could complete the mission in three days.
With help from Lu Su, Zhuge Liang prepared 20 large boats, each manned by a few soldiers and filled with human-like figures made of straw and hay. At dawn, when there was a great fog, Zhuge Liang deployed the boats and they sailed towards Cao Cao's camp across the river.
He ordered the troops to beat war drums loudly and shout orders to imitate the noise of an attack. Upon hearing the noise, Cao Cao's troops rushed out to engage the enemy, but they were unsure of the enemy's strength, because their vision was obscured by the fog. They fired volleys of arrows towards the sound of the drums and the arrows became stuck in the straw figures. In the meantime, Zhuge Liang was enjoying wine with Lu Su inside the cabin and they returned to camp when the fog cleared.
Zhuge Liang acquired more than , arrows with this ingenious strategy and Zhou Yu had no choice but to let him off. Before the Battle of Red Cliffs, when all preparations for the fire attack on Cao Cao's fleet had been made, Zhou Yu suddenly realized that the wind was not blowing to their advantage, because the eastern wind was required to enhance the fire attack.
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